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Max Ernst
Brühl, 1891-Paris, 1976
Max Ernst studied art, philosophy and psychiatry at Bonn University. As an artist he was self-taught. He began as an Expressionist artist together with his friend August Macke. In 1918 he joined the Dada group in Berlin and one year later was the leading figure in the founding of the Cologne Dada movement. During those years he worked in a sort of collage made from cut-out elements from old prints. In 1922 Ernst moved to Paris where he joined André Breton's Surrealist group and developed a type of painting based on semi-reproductive techniques such as frottage and decalcomania.
In 1938, having left the Paris Surrealist group out of solidarity with Éluard, he went to live with Leonora Carrington in Saint-Martin d'Ardèche north of Avignon where they built a house together, filling it with sculptures and paintings. When the war started Ernst was imprisoned as he was a German subject, and when he was eventually freed he decided to move to America. After numerous problems he reached New York in July 1941, where shortly afterwards he married the collector Peggy Guggenheim.
In 1953 Ernst returned to Paris and in 1958 he became a French citizen. He spent the rest of his life in Seillans in the south of France.
GREEN, CH.: The Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection. The European Avant-gardes. Art in France and Western Europe 1904-c.1945. London, 1995.
Spies, W.: Max Ernst, Oeuvre-Katalog. 5 vols., Cologne, 1974-1976.
Spies, W.: Max Ernst. New York, 1991.
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